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2025 年 8 月，在雅江集团"官宣"后不久，中小企业协会带着一份列满各类科技型中小企业的图谱赶赴西藏林芝。
这份产业图谱按场景进行了划分，列出了无人机，碳纤维，激光雷达，装卸、焊接、检测、搬运机器人等多个领域的公司。其中，无人机可在高海拔地区完成载重五吨的搬运工作；碳纤维应用于水电站部分挡板，能提升其耐腐蚀和耐磨性；激光雷达则可为信号薄弱地区提供精准的导航服务。
这些技术与产品都可能成为未来雅江项目建设的重要支撑。该项目面临的建设挑战是前所未有的：较高的海拔、复杂的气候、脆弱的生态和基础设施的匮乏，这也使其有望成为各种新技术、新产品的"试验场"。
上述企业中大多具备共同特征：成立时间较短，但创始人并非行业新人，而是来自大型国央企、科研院所或头部民营企业。"他们在垂直领域深耕多年，近几年才离职创业，像是突然下定了决心。"陈晶说。陈晶自 2007 年中国中小企业协会成立初期便加入协会，在长期工作中，接触过大量科技型中小企业。
让他们下定决心的一个重要原因是：一条面向技术创业者的"高速公路"已基本建成。
2019 年培育专精特新"小巨人"企业正式纳入顶层政策序列，中国自此搭建起一个从科技型、创新型中小企业，到专精特新企业，再到专精特新"小巨人"企业的梯度培育体系。在陈晶看来，从贷款贴息、各级国资基金的重点扶持，到更通畅的上市通道，部委及各级政府近年来出台的政策已形成一个完整的支持性体系，营造了一个全方位支持科技型企业的"创业环境"，推动一批技术人才走向市场。
陈晶认为，这批企业所走的路是前人未涉足的道路，很多创业企业凭借新技术、新场景，试图解决全新问题。这些创业者正从"跟随者"转向"换道超车者"，在技术和市场中另辟蹊径，走向一片全新的"旷野"。
一条通途
过去两年，陈晶接触了很多"有级别"的创业者，比如曾任某央企副厅级的技术骨干、某高校国家重点实验室的负责人或者某互联网大厂的高管。
"这些人在大厂也走的技术路线或做高管，掌握重要的技术，为了充分让技术转化落地进入市场，就出来创业了"，陈晶说。在陈晶看来，这有点像 20 世纪 90 年代的人才"下海潮"，只是规模要更小、涉及范围更窄——主要是有硬核技术，在行业深耕多年的人才。
上述副厅级创业者带着一项焊接技术离开体制，该技术此前在国际上仅有一家公司掌握。其创办的公司很快就获得了一家国有集团投资，随后各类产业投资方纷至沓来，市场拓展与订单落地也由这些机构协助推进。"现在市场已基本形成一个支持科技型中小企业的体系。"陈晶说，首先是市场化投资机构和地方政府平台的风险投资；其次是地方政府和金融机构提供的引导基金、贴息贷款等支持；再次是链主企业的产业投资，可以帮助企业实现业务协同与订单对接；最后是成熟期的科技企业可以获得国家级大基金的支持与背书。
2025 年，随着市场对"中国科技"价值的重估，科技企业在资本市场的估值进一步提升，也让不少产业资本加大了对科技型中小企业的投资意愿。过去一年，不少传统上市公司找到陈晶，希望她能推荐一些愿意被收购或入股的科技企业。一家传统行业的上市公司投资了一家成立不到 1 年的机器人企业后，股价连续涨停，市值大幅增长。"在这个支撑体系下，企业只要有技术、成为专精特新‘小巨人’，基本不会缺钱。"陈晶说。
资金只是一个层面，很多科技型企业成长的关键在于应用场景的突破。此前，创业公司需要很长时间才能说服大型企业，进入其供应商目录，但现在却有可能迅速跻身央国企的供应商序列。
陈晶分析了原因：一方面在政策推动下，大型国央企在采购中，对科技型中小企业的态度更加开放，对科技创新的需求也更加迫切；另一方面，这些科技型中小企业有着比较核心的技术，确实能满足大企业的需求。这使得不少科技型中小企业得以缩短成长周期，快速获得大型企业的背书和订单。
她接触的一家大湾区的人工智能安全企业，成立不到一年就获得了多家央国企的试点项目；另一家长三角碳纤维企业，新产品上市不到两年，就获得了多家行业头部企业合计 70 多亿元的年订单。
经过数年培育，政策与市场的多重支持，共同搭建起一条面向科技型创业企业的"高速公路"：一旦驶入这条公路，企业就有可能以较低的成本实现快速成长。
"这就让很多工作多年的人发现，只要有硬核技术，‘下海’的风险降低很多，创业成功的概率比较高。一批技术精英由此进入市场。"陈晶说。
一片旷野
2025 年，陈晶的出差目的地有了很大调整：过去她的行程主要集中在长三角、山东半岛和大湾区，偶尔也会去成渝、西安等中西部省会城市；2025 年，她却多次赶赴内蒙古、新疆、甘肃、陕北等此前鲜有涉足的地区——这些地区能够提供一项全新的优势：场景。"很多科技公司推动的都是智能技术，这些企业最需要的不是地方政府提供的资金或土地，而是应用场景。"陈晶说，比如智能驾驶公司希望地方政府允许其车辆上路，无人矿车公司需要矿场提供应用场景，各种运输、巡检等应用也需要在具体场景中验证。
西部地区恰好能提供大量此类场景。
2025 年，陈晶曾带领一家无人矿车公司对接内蒙古地方政府及新疆矿业公司。当地矿产资源丰富，亟需推动产业转型，部分矿山还需要在高海拔，极寒环境下开展无人作业。双方通过场景测试后，迅速签订了上亿元订单。
这也让东西部地区的比较优势出现了变化。此前，东部省份更有"财力"，可提供各类优惠政策弥补成本劣势；但随着统一大市场推进，东部地区的优势将更集中于完整供应链与巨大的消费市场，而西部地区的优势则聚焦于更低的成本、丰富的绿色能源，以及广阔的应用场景。
陈晶说，与以往有明确的对标企业不同，大量新成立的中国科技企业已经走到了技术和市场的"旷野"。这些企业涉足的领域在国际上几乎无对标，应用于新场景、解决新问题、采用新方法。比如，风力发电叶片与光伏板自动清洁技术、核电水下检测机器人等，都需要在具体场景中逐渐摸索、试错和验证。
与以往企业不同，如今的中国创业企业在走一条新的"全球化路径"。
一位前互联网大厂高管离职后创建了一个护肤品公司，产品对标国际高端护肤品，试图打造"平替"产品。由于运营得当，该公司仅用一年就实现 3 亿元营收，并成功拓展越南和巴西两个海外市场——这两个海外市场并非企业主动开发，而是海外合作伙伴主动找上门。一年内，这家企业完成了在越南销售渠道的建设，并与巴西签署了当地经销商的独家代理，还根据当地需求反向定制产品，市场供不应求。
陈晶说："现在的中国市场就像是一个产品与商业模式的‘橱窗’，只要在国内市场得到验证，很快就会有海外合作伙伴找上门。以前，一家企业要用十几年时间，通过参加各种海外展会才能逐渐走上国际化之路；现在的企业可能从成立起就是全球化的。"
新的创业理念
"这两年的创业者更成熟了。"这是陈晶感受到的明显变化。
这种成熟体现在很多方面：对商业模式的理解更清晰，对融资对象的定位更清晰，对市场在哪儿很清晰，战略规划也更清晰。"他们比以前的创业者更成熟、理性，在很多问题上有自己的独立判断"。
以账期问题为例，陈晶说，科技型中小企业虽然也面临账期压力，但受影响远小于传统行业。
她分析，原因有三：一是科技型中小企业的产品和服务不可替代性强，对甲方而言更"刚需"，因此议价能力更强；二是国家出台的《关于解决拖欠企业账款问题的意见》《保障中小企业款项支付条例》等政策，切实保障了中小企业权益；三是这批科技企业设定了明确的付款周期和规则。"他们宁愿不接这单，也不接受过长账期，能签就签、不签拉倒。他们没有‘短时间内做大营收规模’的执念，能接受自己失去很多‘不好’的订单。"陈晶说。
这种"规模执念"的淡化，也是一系列商业环境变化的结果。陈晶说，以前的企业之所以有"规模执念"，一个重要原因是规模可以获得地方政府、银行、客户及资本的认可；但近年来，各方对企业的评价标准越发多元，规模不再是唯一核心，硬核技术与应用落地能力成为重要的评判标准。
在与地方政府的关系上，这些创业者的观念也更加成熟。以前，面对地方政府招商的优惠条件，很多创业企业会积极响应；但现在创业公司更加冷静，更"经得起诱惑"——会理性判断当地是否适合企业落地、是否具备匹配的市场、产业链配套与应用场景。
地方政府也成熟不少。之前一轮新兴产业"大干快上"引发的同质化竞争，给地方政府留下了深刻印象。陈晶说："随着统一大市场的建设，地方政府能利用的工具少了很多，也逐渐意识到不是所有产业都适合在本地发展，需要结合自身优势选择适配的本地化行业。"
2007 年，陈晶加入中小企业协会时，经历过"大众创业、万众创新"的年代——那时的创业者往往非常年轻，有一个好点子，就敢下海创业，用 PPT 就能拿到融资，但创业成功率较低。2019 年前后，一批深耕先进制造业的"隐形冠军"涌现，他们更专注、稳健，对市场的洞察也更敏锐。而近两年涌现的一批创业者，则更成熟、全能，往往有着丰富的商业经验，视野更加开阔。
陈晶说："他们底蕴深厚，技术扎实，战略清晰，可能是因为多年的深耕与积累，让他们更有见识，更有产业报国的情怀，他们有一片旷野可以施展。"
